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Many Cisco routers include an AUX port that is a low-speed asynchronous serial interface that can connect to a standard modem and support PPP:

Router1#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router2(config)#interface Async65

Router2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp

Router2(config-if)#dialer in-band

Router2(config-if)#dialer pool-member 1

Router2(config-if)#ppp authentication chap

Router2(config-if)#async default routing

Router2(config-if)#exit

Router2(config)#interface Dialer1

Router2(config-if)#ip address 10.1.99.56 255.255.255.0

Router2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp

Router2(config-if)#dialer remote-name dialhost

Router2(config-if)#dialer pool 1

Router2(config-if)#dialer idle-timeout 300

Router2(config-if)#dialer string 95551212

Router2(config-if)#dialer-group 1

Router2(config-if)#ppp authentication chap

Router2(config-if)#exit

Router2(config)#line aux 0

Router2(config-line)#modem inout

Router2(config-line)#transport input all

Router2(config-line)#no exec

Router2(config-line)#speed 115200

Router2(config-line)#exit

Router2(config)#username dialhost password dialpassword

Router2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.1.99.1 180

Router2(config)#dialer-list 1 protocol ip list 101

Router2(config)#access-list 101 deny eigrp any any

Router2(config)#access-list 101 permit ip any any

Router2(config)#router eigrp 55

Router2(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0

Router2(config-router)#exit

Router2(config)#end

Router2#

Much of this configuration is similar to the ISDN configuration. It uses a dialer interface in exactly the same way. But here, because there is only one async modem in this example, we can't benefit from PPP multilink.

The first part of this configuration example sets up the AUX port to run PPP and associates it with a dialer pool:

Router2(config)#interface Async65

Router2(config-if)#encapsulation ppp

Router2(config-if)#dialer in-band

Router2(config-if)#dialer pool-member 1

Router2(config-if)#ppp authentication chap

Router2(config-if)#async default routing

The only thing here that hasn't appeared in a previous example is the async default routing command. This command allows the async interface to support a routing protocol such as EIGRP. By default, routing protocols are disabled on async interfaces, so you need to enable it.

The number of this particular interface, Async65, wasn't selected at random. The router automatically assigns a line number to every interface that can be used for terminal access (including VTY lines, AUX lines, and Console lines), and it varies from router to router, depending on the hardware configuration. So we used the show line command to see which line number corresponded to the AUX port on this router:

Router1#show line

   Tty Typ     Tx/Rx    A Modem  Roty AccO AccI   Uses   Noise  Overruns   Int

     0 CTY              -    -      -    -    -      0       0     0/0       -

    65 AUX   9600/9600  -    -      -    -    -      0       0     0/0       -

*   66 VTY              -    -      -    -    -     10       0     0/0       -

*   67 VTY              -    -      -    -    -     19       0     0/0       -

    68 VTY              -    -      -    -    -      3       0     0/0       -

    69 VTY              -    -      -    -    -      0       0     0/0       -

    70 VTY              -    -      -    -    -      0       0     0/0       -

    71 VTY              -    -      -    -    -      0       0     0/0       -

    72 VTY              -    -      -    -    -      0       0     0/0       -

    73 VTY              -    -      -    -    -      0       0     0/0       -

    74 VTY              -    -      -    -    -      0       0     0/0       -

    75 VTY              -    -      -    -    -      0       0     0/0       -

Line(s) not in async mode -or- with no hardware support:

1-64

Router1#

As you can see, the AUX port is on line 65 on this router. It's important to do this before you attempt any of the rest of the configuration, so you know what to configure.

When you use the AUX port for dial backup, you also need to configure the terminal line information for this physical port:

Router2(config)#line aux 0

Router2(config-line)#modem inout

Router2(config-line)#transport input none

Router2(config-line)#no exec

Router2(config-line)#speed 115200

The first command here is modem inout, which configures the router to allow access to the modem, as well as allowing the modem access to the router. Then we added the command transport input none. By default, the router will act as a terminal server and allow you to connect through protocols like telnet to the AUX port. In this case, though, we want the router to reserve this port for routed traffic, so we disable all remote terminal access to the interface.

The no exec command is extremely important when using async dial, and almost universally ignored in Cisco references. By default, the router will start an EXEC session on your AUX port. So if you plug a terminal into this port, you will get a login prompt. Unfortunately, your modem doesn't know what to do with a login prompt. At best, it will just ignore it, so disabling the EXEC session is simply good form. But, at worst, we have seen problems where the modem attempts to respond to the login prompt, the EXEC session interprets this as a bad login attempt, and puts up a new prompt, to which the modem again attempts to respond. The result can be high CPU utilization and, more importantly, this activity will prevent the router from dialing. We strongly recommend disabling the EXEC session on any async dial ports, as we have done here.

And the last command in this section sets the line speed. It's important to remember that this is the speed between the router and the modem. The actual dial session will have a much lower net speed, likely less than 56 Kbps. However, it's a good idea to make the line speed as fast as the modem can support. This will ensure that you get the best possible speed. Note that the default speed here is only 9.6 Kbps. So, if you don't increase this value, you will not be able to get the full advantage of the compression capabilities of modern modems.

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The syntax for configuring WRED changed with the introduction of class-based QoS. The old method defined WRED across an entire interface:

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#interface HSSI0/0

Router(config-if)#random-detect

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 0 10 20 10

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 1 12 20 10

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 2 15 25 15

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 3 18 25 15

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 4 20 30 20

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 5 22 30 20

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 6 30 40 25

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 7 40 50 100

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence RSVP 45 50 100

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

The new configuration method uses the same syntax as CBWFQ:

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#class-map Prec5

Router(config-cmap)#description Critical

Router(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 5

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#policy-map cb_wred

Router(config-pmap)#class Prec5

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class class-default

Router(config-pmap-c)#fair-queue 512

Router(config-pmap-c)#queue-limit 96

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#exit

Router(config)#interface HSSI0/1

Router(config-if)#service-policy output cb_wred

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

For the older method, you can set up the drop probabilities according to IP Precedence values by using the following command:

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 7 40 50 100

The first argument after the precedence keyword here is the IP Precedence value. The options are any integer between 0 and 7, or the keyword RSVP. After this are the minimum threshold, maximum threshold, and the so-called mark probability denominator.

The minimum threshold is the number of packets that must be in the queue before the router starts to discard. The probability at the minimum threshold is essentially zero, but it rises linearly as the number of packets in the queue rises. The maximum probability occurs at the maximum threshold. You specify the actual value of the probability at this maximum by using the mark probability denominator. In this case we have set the value to 100, which means that, at the maximum, we will discard one packet in 100. This means that halfway between the maximum and minimum thresholds, the router will drop one packet in 200.

Rather, it uses a moving average so that temporary bursts of data are not dropped. This configured minimum is the lower limit of this moving average, which is reached only when the congestion continues for a longer period of time.

If you do not change these values, the defaults take IP Precedence values into account. The default mark probability denominator is 10, so the router will discard one packet in 10. The default maximum threshold depends on the speed of the interface and the router's capacity for buffering packets, but it is the same for all Precedence values. So, by default, the only differences between WRED's treatment of different IP Precedence levels is in the minimum threshold. The default minimum threshold for packets with an IP Precedence of 0 is 50 percent of the maximum threshold. This value rises linearly with Precedence so that the minimum threshold for Precedence 7 and packets with RSVP reserved bandwidth allocations are almost the same as the maximum threshold.

In the new-style example, we have created only one class-based queue to show the principle. In practice, of course, you would probably want to create more than this. All of the traffic that doesn't have an IP Precedence value of 5 uses the default queue, where we have configured both WFQ and WRED.

This example uses DSCP-based random detection. WRED has a built-in ability to discriminate based on DSCP value, so that traffic streams with higher drop precedence values are more likely to drop packets. The default WRED settings when using DSCP-based random detection are shown in Table 11-1.

Table 11-1. Default WRED settins
DSCP value	Minimum threshold queue depth	Maximum threshold queue depth	Drop probability at maximum
AFx1	32	40	1/10
AFx2	28	40	1/10
AFx3	24	40	1/10

As Table 11-1 shows, the default DSCP-based thresholds are the same for every class. So, for example, AF12, AF22, AF32, and AF42 all begin dropping packets in a sustained congestion situation when the queue depth reaches 28 packets. They reach their maximum drop probability when there are 40 packets in the queue. In all cases, the drop probability at the maximum threshold value is 1/10 (the mark probability), meaning that the router will randomly drop one packet in 10.

You can change these values in a policy map as follows:

Router(config-pmap)#class AF1x

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 20

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp af13 10 20

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp af12 20 50

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp af11 50 100 50

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

In each of the random-detect dscp commands, the first argument is the DSCP value, followed by the minimum threshold, the maximum threshold, and the denominator of the mark probability. In the case of the AF11 entry, the router will start dropping these packets when there are more than 50 packets in the queue, and increase the probability until the number reaches 100. At that point, the probability of dropping a packet of this type will be one in 50.

Note that these thresholds apply to all traffic in the queue, not just traffic with this particular DSCP value. So there may be 20 AF11 packets, 10 AF12, and 20 more marked with the AF13 DSCP value. Since this adds up to 50 packets, the router will start to drop the AF11 packets. However, because the maximum thresholds for AF12 and AF13 packets are 50 and 20, respectively, the router will already be dropping packets of these types at the full rate (1 packet in 10 by default) before it starts to drop any AF11 packets.

This example assumes that you want to use DSCP values to control the WRED thresholds. This is not necessary, however. You can also use an unweighted version of the command as follows:

Router(config)#class-map AF11

Router(config-cmap)#match ip dscp af11

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#policy-map example

Router(config-pmap)#class AF11

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 10

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

This is particularly useful when your class definitions already take DSCP values into account, as this class map does. Since there is no variation of DSCP values among the class of packets that have a DSCP value of AF11, it isn't necessary for WRED to look at the DSCP value again.

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The syntax for configuring WRED changed with the introduction of class-based QoS. The old method defined WRED across an entire interface:

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#interface HSSI0/0

Router(config-if)#random-detect

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 0 10 20 10

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 1 12 20 10

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 2 15 25 15

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 3 18 25 15

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 4 20 30 20

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 5 22 30 20

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 6 30 40 25

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 7 40 50 100

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence RSVP 45 50 100

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

The new configuration method uses the same syntax as CBWFQ:

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#class-map Prec5

Router(config-cmap)#description Critical

Router(config-cmap)#match ip precedence 5

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#policy-map cb_wred

Router(config-pmap)#class Prec5

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#class class-default

Router(config-pmap-c)#fair-queue 512

Router(config-pmap-c)#queue-limit 96

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

Router(config-pmap)#exit

Router(config)#interface HSSI0/1

Router(config-if)#service-policy output cb_wred

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

For the older method, you can set up the drop probabilities according to IP Precedence values by using the following command:

Router(config-if)#random-detect precedence 7 40 50 100

The first argument after the precedence keyword here is the IP Precedence value. The options are any integer between 0 and 7, or the keyword RSVP. After this are the minimum threshold, maximum threshold, and the so-called mark probability denominator.

The minimum threshold is the number of packets that must be in the queue before the router starts to discard. The probability at the minimum threshold is essentially zero, but it rises linearly as the number of packets in the queue rises. The maximum probability occurs at the maximum threshold. You specify the actual value of the probability at this maximum by using the mark probability denominator. In this case we have set the value to 100, which means that, at the maximum, we will discard one packet in 100. This means that halfway between the maximum and minimum thresholds, the router will drop one packet in 200.

Rather, it uses a moving average so that temporary bursts of data are not dropped. This configured minimum is the lower limit of this moving average, which is reached only when the congestion continues for a longer period of time.

If you do not change these values, the defaults take IP Precedence values into account. The default mark probability denominator is 10, so the router will discard one packet in 10. The default maximum threshold depends on the speed of the interface and the router's capacity for buffering packets, but it is the same for all Precedence values. So, by default, the only differences between WRED's treatment of different IP Precedence levels is in the minimum threshold. The default minimum threshold for packets with an IP Precedence of 0 is 50 percent of the maximum threshold. This value rises linearly with Precedence so that the minimum threshold for Precedence 7 and packets with RSVP reserved bandwidth allocations are almost the same as the maximum threshold.

In the new-style example, we have created only one class-based queue to show the principle. In practice, of course, you would probably want to create more than this. All of the traffic that doesn't have an IP Precedence value of 5 uses the default queue, where we have configured both WFQ and WRED.

This example uses DSCP-based random detection. WRED has a built-in ability to discriminate based on DSCP value, so that traffic streams with higher drop precedence values are more likely to drop packets. The default WRED settings when using DSCP-based random detection are shown in Table 11-1.

Table 11-1. Default WRED settins
DSCP value	Minimum threshold queue depth	Maximum threshold queue depth	Drop probability at maximum
AFx1	32	40	1/10
AFx2	28	40	1/10
AFx3	24	40	1/10

As Table 11-1 shows, the default DSCP-based thresholds are the same for every class. So, for example, AF12, AF22, AF32, and AF42 all begin dropping packets in a sustained congestion situation when the queue depth reaches 28 packets. They reach their maximum drop probability when there are 40 packets in the queue. In all cases, the drop probability at the maximum threshold value is 1/10 (the mark probability), meaning that the router will randomly drop one packet in 10.

You can change these values in a policy map as follows:

Router(config-pmap)#class AF1x

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 20

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp-based

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp af13 10 20

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp af12 20 50

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect dscp af11 50 100 50

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

In each of the random-detect dscp commands, the first argument is the DSCP value, followed by the minimum threshold, the maximum threshold, and the denominator of the mark probability. In the case of the AF11 entry, the router will start dropping these packets when there are more than 50 packets in the queue, and increase the probability until the number reaches 100. At that point, the probability of dropping a packet of this type will be one in 50.

Note that these thresholds apply to all traffic in the queue, not just traffic with this particular DSCP value. So there may be 20 AF11 packets, 10 AF12, and 20 more marked with the AF13 DSCP value. Since this adds up to 50 packets, the router will start to drop the AF11 packets. However, because the maximum thresholds for AF12 and AF13 packets are 50 and 20, respectively, the router will already be dropping packets of these types at the full rate (1 packet in 10 by default) before it starts to drop any AF11 packets.

This example assumes that you want to use DSCP values to control the WRED thresholds. This is not necessary, however. You can also use an unweighted version of the command as follows:

Router(config)#class-map AF11

Router(config-cmap)#match ip dscp af11

Router(config-cmap)#exit

Router(config)#policy-map example

Router(config-pmap)#class AF11

Router(config-pmap-c)#bandwidth percent 10

Router(config-pmap-c)#random-detect

Router(config-pmap-c)#exit

This is particularly useful when your class definitions already take DSCP values into account, as this class map does. Since there is no variation of DSCP values among the class of packets that have a DSCP value of AF11, it isn't necessary for WRED to look at the DSCP value again.

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The associated fee for Lab examination has to be cleared before than 90 days in the scheduled test. With out the charge the reservation might be cancelled. When passing the Lab exam combined with all the composed examination the candidates can use for your CCIE certification. By contemplating

The solution to this dilemma depends on the type of targeted visitors distinctions you desire to produce, also the version of IOS you're operating as part of your routers.

There ought to be a little something that defines the various types of targeted traffic which you want to prioritize. Normally, the more simple the distinctions are in making, the better. It's because every one of the tests get router resources and introduce processing delays. The most prevalent policies for distinguishing in between potential customers kinds utilize the packet's input interface and simple and easy IP header information and facts these as TCP port numbers. The next examples present how to set an IP Precedence worth of instantaneous (two) for all FTP regulate traffic that arrives by the serial0/0 interface, and an IP Precedence of priority (one) for all FTP data traffic. This distinction is feasible considering the fact that FTP regulate page views makes use of TCP port 21, and FTP knowledge takes advantage of port twenty.

The new technique for configuring this usages course maps. Cisco number one introduced this feature in IOS Version 12.0(five)T. This method foremost defines a class-map that specifies how the router will establish this sort of site traffic. It then defines a policy-map that really makes the changes for the packet's TOS field:

Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any eq ftp any
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any any eq ftp
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any eq ftp-data any
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any any eq ftp-data
Router(config)#class-map match-all ser00-ftpcontrol
Router(config-cmap)#description branch ftp control traffic
Router(config-cmap)#match input-interface serial0/0
Router(config-cmap)#match access-group 101
Router(config-cmap)#exit
Router(config)#class-map match-all ser00-ftpdata
Router(config-cmap)#description branch ftp data traffic
Router(config-cmap)#match input-interface serial0/0
Router(config-cmap)#match access-group 102
Router(config-cmap)#exit
Router(config)#policy-map serialftppolicy
Router(config-pmap)#description branch ftp traffic policy
Router(config-pmap)#class ser00-ftpcontrol
Router(config-pmap-c)#set ip precedence immediate
Router(config-pmap-c)#exit
Router(config-pmap)#class ser00-ftpdata
Router(config-pmap-c)#set ip precedence priority
Router(config-pmap-c)#exit
Router(config-pmap)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial0/0
Router(config-if)#ip route-cache policy
Router(config-if)#service-policy input serialftppolicy
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#end
Router#

For before IOS variations, wherever class-maps ended up not readily available, you have got to implement policy-based routing to alter the TOS subject in a very packet. Applying this coverage towards the interface tells the router to make use of this coverage to test all incoming packets on this interface and rewrite the ones that match the route map:Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any eq ftp any
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any any eq ftp
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any eq ftp-data any
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any any eq ftp-data
Router(config)#route-map serialftp-rtmap permit 10
Router(config-route-map)#match ip address 101
Router(config-route-map)#set ip precedence immediate
Router(config-route-map)#exit
Router(config)#route-map serialftp-rtmap permit 20
Router(config-route-map)#match ip address 102
Router(config-route-map)#set ip precedence priority
Router(config-route-map)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial0/0
Router(config-if)#ip policy route-map serialftp-rtmap
Router(config-if)#ip route-cache policy
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#end
Router#

Prior to you will tag a packet for unique treatment method, you have got to acquire a particularly clear plan of what sorts of visitors have specific procedure, along with precisely what sort of exceptional remedy they will want. Within the instance, we now have chose to give a special priority to FTP site traffic received on a precise serial interface. We display proven methods to do that working with both equally the outdated and new configuration solutions.
This will look to get a relatively artificial example. Subsequent to all, why would you treatment about tagging inbound visitors that you have definitely received from a low-speed interface? Ultimately, one of several most vital rules for implementing QoS in a network is the fact that be certain to often tag the packet as early as feasible, ideally in the edges within the network. Then, since it passes throughout the network, just about every router only needs to examine the tag, and won't need to do any additional classification. In this instance, we'd ensure the FTP site visitors returning around the other direction is tagged by primary router that receives it. And so the outbound site visitors has currently been tagged, and this is a waste of router assets to reclassify the outbound packets.

Several organizations seriously take this concept of marking on the edges an individual stage additionally, and remark each individual obtained packet. This can help to ensure that consumers are not requesting amazing QoS privileges that they aren't permitted to get. Yet, you ought to be cautious of this due to the fact it might in some cases disrupt legit markings. Such as, a real-time application will probably use RSVP to order bandwidth with the network. It really is critical which the packets for this software have the acceptable Expedited Forwarding (EF) DSCP marking or the network won't deal with them accurately. All the same, you also really don't would like to let other non-real-time purposes from this very same source have the identical EF concern level. So, for anyone who is going to configure your routers to remark all incoming packets in the edges, ensure you appreciate what incoming markings are reliable.

In that situation, the routers are working DLSw to bridge SNA visitors by using an IP network. So the routers on their own realistically make the IP packets. This creates an extra challenge on the grounds that there is no incoming interface. In order that recipe usages regional policy-based routing. The fact the router creates the packets also offers it a crucial advantage considering the fact that it doesn't have to contemplate any DLSw packets that might just happen to pass through.

The benefits of your more recent class-map strategy are not clear in this particular instance, but among the initially great rewards appears if you'd like make use of the more current DSCP tagging scheme. Since the more mature policy-based routing approach will not right support DSCP, you might have to fake it by setting each the IP Precedence in addition to the TOS separately as follows.

Router(config)#route-map serialftp-rtmap permit 10
Router(config-route-map)#match ip address 115
Router(config-route-map)#set ip precedence immediate
Router(config-route-map)#set ip tos max-throughput

In this case, the packet will wind up with an IP Precedence value of immediate, or 2 (010 in binary), and TOS of max-throughput, or 4 (0100 in binary).

Doing the same thing with the class-map method is much more direct:

Router(config)#policy-map serialftppolicy
Router(config-pmap)#class serialftpclass
Router(config-pmap-c)#set ip dscp af21

Class-maps can even be beneficial later in this particular chapter after we speak about class-based weighted reasonable queuing and class-based website traffic shaping.
It is important to note that during this whole illustration, now we have only set a distinctive price to the packet's TOS or DSCP subject. This, by by itself, will not have an effect on how the packet is forwarded by the network. To complete that, it's essential to guarantee that as every single router while in the network forwards these marked packets, the interface queues will react appropriately to this important information.

At long last, we should be aware that even when this recipe exhibits two practical means of marking packets, implementing Dedicated Access Price (Automotive) attributes. Auto tends to get more productive on bigger pace interfaces.

Implementing Custom Queuing on a router is a two-step procedure. First, you must define the traffic types that will populate your queues. And then you apply the queuing method to an interface:

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#access-list 103 permit ip any any precedence 5

Router(config)#access-list 104 permit ip any any precedence 4

Router(config)#access-list 105 permit ip any any precedence 3

Router(config)#access-list 106 permit ip any any precedence 2

Router(config)#access-list 107 permit ip any any precedence 1

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 3 list 103

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 4 list 104

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 5 list 105

Router(config)#queue-list 1 queue 5 byte-count 3000 limit 55

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 6 list 106

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 7 list 107

Router(config)#queue-list 1 default 8

Router(config)#interface HSSI0/0

Router(config-if)#custom-queue-list 1

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

When you enable Custom Queuing, the router automatically creates 16 queues for application traffic plus one more for system requirements. You can look at the queues with a normal show interface command:

Router#show interface Ethernet0

Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up

  Hardware is Lance, address is 0000.0cf0.8460 (bia 0000.0cf0.8460)

  Internet address is 192.168.1.201/24

  MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec,

     reliability 255/255, txload 2/255, rxload 1/255

  Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)

  ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00

  Last input 00:00:00, output 00:00:00, output hang never

  Last clearing of "show interface" counters never

  Input queue: 2/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 0

  Queuing strategy: custom-list 1

  Output queues: (queue #: size/max/drops)

     0: 0/20/0 1: 0/20/0 2: 0/20/0 3: 0/20/0 4: 0/20/0

     5: 0/55/3 6: 5/20/0 7: 0/20/0 8: 0/20/0 9: 0/20/0

     10: 0/20/0 11: 0/20/0 12: 0/20/0 13: 0/20/0 14: 0/20/0

     15: 0/20/0 16: 0/20/0

  5 minute input rate 5000 bits/sec, 12 packets/sec

  5 minute output rate 106000 bits/sec, 24 packets/sec

     132910 packets input, 14513345 bytes, 0 no buffer

     Received 109570 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles

     9 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 9 ignored, 0 abort

     0 input packets with dribble condition detected

     1028116 packets output, 85603681 bytes, 0 underruns

     1 output errors, 42 collisions, 8 interface resets

     0 babbles, 0 late collision, 4 deferred

     1 lost carrier, 0 no carrier

     0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out

Router#

In this output, you can see that queue number 6 currently has 5 packets queued and waiting for delivery (6: 5/20/0), while queue number 5 has had to drop 3 packets due to congestion (5: 0/55/3).

The example assigns queue number 3 for all packets with the highest application IP Precedence value of 5. Similarly, packets with Precedence 4 use queue number 4, Precedence 3 use queue 5, Precedence 2 use queue 6, Precedence 1 use queue 7, and everything else uses queue number 8.

Custom Queuing does not assign a default queue for unclassified traffic, so you must remember to do this. The command in the example defines the default as queue number 8:

Router(config)#queue-list 1 default 8

Note that if there is another nonIP protocol such as IPX configured on this interface, it will also use the default queue. If you prefer to give this other protocol its own set of queues, you can use define them using access lists for that protocol. The configuration is nearly identical to the IP example we have shown, except for the exact access list syntax, which naturally depends on the protocol.

By default, the Custom Queuing scheduler visits all queues in order and takes an average of 1,500 bytes from each, and each queue can hold up to 20 packets. In the example, we changed these default values for queue number 5:

Router(config)#queue-list 1 queue 5 byte-count 3000 limit 55

This tells the scheduler to take an average of 3000 bytes from this queue on each pass, and to store up to 55 packets in the queue. Increasing the number of bytes will effectively increase the share of the bandwidth that this queue receives. Increasing the queue depth decreases the probability of tail drops. But it also increases the amount of time that a packet could theoretically spend in the queue, which may increase latency and jitter.

In this example, all of the traffic types are selected by the IP Precedence value. It is also possible to select based on specific applications. You can do this either with an access-list or, in some cases, using keywords in the queue-list command. For example, if you wanted to select all DLSw traffic and send it to queue number 9, you could create an access-list:

Router(config)#access-list 117 permit ip any eq 2065 any

Router(config)#access-list 117 permit ip any any eq 2065

Router(config)#access-list 117 permit ip any eq 2067 any

Router(config)#access-list 117 permit ip any any eq 2067

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 9 list 117

Or you could do it like this:

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol dlsw 9

This second method is clearly easier, but the number of protocol types that can be defined this way is unfortunately rather limited.

We have three important final notes on Custom Queuing that you should bear in mind. The first point is that if traffic from all of these streams is present, the router will share traffic between them. In this example, we have used six different queues: one for each of the five application precedence levels, plus a default. By default, each will receive a roughly equal share of the total bandwidth. So you may be surprised to find that despite imposing different queues for the different traffic types, the important traffic still doesn't get a large enough share of the bandwidth. You can affect this with the byte-count keyword, as we discussed earlier. Note that the queues are serviced by byte count rather than packet count. So suppose you have two queues, one of which supports an interactive session with many short packets, and another that contains a bulk transfer with a few large packets. If you configure the router to service these queues with the same byte-count, it will tend to forward a lot more of the small packets. But the net share of the bandwidth will be roughly equal on average.

Second, in Custom Queuing, the traffic within each queue competes directly with all other traffic in the same queue. So, for example, if one user sends a burst of application traffic that fills one of the queues, this will cause tail drops for other users whose traffic uses the same queue.

And the third point is that the more queues you define, the smaller the share of the total bandwidth each queue receives. Further, having more queues increases the amount of processing the router has to do to segregate the traffic.

The second and third points compete with one another. The second one tends to point toward increasing the number of queues to limit the competition within each queue. But the third point should convince you that there is a point of diminishing returns where more queues will not help the situation. In practice, the third rule tends to win out. It rarely turns out to be beneficial to have more than five or six Custom Queues, unless some of those queues are only used very lightly.

Custom Queuing is an older QoS mechanism on Cisco routers. In most cases, you will likely find that a newer algorithm such as CBWFQ will be more flexible and give better results.

Utilizing CCIE, experts have an opportunity to ascertain by themselves inside the area of networking. Only a few thousand individuals are believed to obvious the CCIE examination. CCIE Lab are thought-about to impart big phase of training environment, which acts as being a considerable earnings for candidates.

CCIE examination entails two assessments, that happen to be a CCIE created take a look at in addition to a CCIE lab exam. In order to attempt the lab test, it's worthwhile to distinct the authored exam. For everybody who is not in the place to obvious the created examination the primary time, it is best to watch for the hundred and eighty days for retaking it. As a result of clearing the penned take a look at, it's leading to make an strive for the CCIE lab exam inside of eighteen months. It you might be incapable to obvious the lab examination, then you certainly needs to re-try within 12 months having a look at to keep up the penned examination result valid.

It has a time limit of two hrs and is completed in a range of have a look at centers the world over. The subjects lined inside the written examination depend on the specialization or monitor you decide on. For support supplier, you might pick out from classes like Cable, DSL, IP Telephony, Dial, Material content Networking, Optical, WAN switching, and Metro Ethernet. Each and every published test is built available in the beta sort at a worth of $50 USD.

The CCIE lab exam is exceptional in nature, as it can be an eight-hour examination, which checks the ability from the applicant to configure and troubleshoot networking tools. Cisco has substantial degree of kit in its CCIE labs for use inside the lab exams. The blue print of the lab exam is obtainable on its web page. The lab examination isn't accessible in any way Pearson VUE or Prometric testing centers.

A standard CCIE R&S lab examination contains a two-hour hassle-taking pictures section by which that you are presented a collection of tickets for preconfigured networks in the CCIE labs. You should have the ability to identify and resolve the faults. You can proceed towards the configuration part after you end the troubleshooting part.

A sound passing score is critical to aim a CCIE lab exam. Cisco uses the help of proctors to guage the candidates inside the preliminary rounds in its CCIE labs located worldwide. Factors are awarded when a criterion is met and grading is carried out utilizing some computerized tools. The outcomes of a lab examination are mirrored in forty 8 hrs. A move/fail is projected throughout the end outcome and in case of a fail, the areas where you might be lacking behind are talked about so as to put together properly earlier than a re-try.

Cisco stands out in the subject of networking by providing a CCIE certification so that you can pursue your education as well as get acknowledged by a reputed organization. The CCIE Labs test can be utilized as being a platform to challenge your capability in varied tracks provided by Cisco. Attempting a lab examination requires rigorous training and excessive sense of understanding. The CCIE labs form step one to your substantial potential career.

Ideal CCIE Coaching and also the precise solution to get CCIE Certification CCIE Training

There isn't really a have to have an additional experienced coaching or program certificates to qualify. The CCIE Safety workout is made of a developed examination to qualify and then the lab examination. You might be recommended to obtain for the minimum 3-5 a long time of employment skills earlier than striving this certification.

The examination for the CCIE Stability is of two-hour size with several alternatives. This consists of hundred doubts, which can cover subjects equivalent to software programs protocols, operating systems, basic safety technologies, protection protocols, and Cisco protection purposes. The exam provides are provided in the spot and you aren't permitted to usher in exterior reference substances.

Network engineers possessing a CCIE certificates are thought to be as the qualified from the neighborhood engineering discipline in addition to the masters of CISCO solutions. The CCIE has introduced revolution inside the community business on the subject of technically complicated assignments and options aided by the obligatory instruments and methodologies. You can find a method which updates and reorganizes the instruments to provide good quality service. You will discover various modes of CCIE Exercise like developed examination planning and performance primarily based lab. This can help to bolster the effectiveness and usual of your sector. CISCO has launched this certification coverage in 1993 using a see to differentiate the highest industry experts from the relaxation.

So as to be certified, to start with prepared examination will need to be passed as a result of which must cross the lab exam. CISCO in any respect instances tries to use completely different CCIE Training methods for greater performance. There are a number of methods for your CCIE certification. The initial phase for certification is to pass a two hrs lasting pc primarily based primarily MCQ oriented composed examination. For this examination crucial payments must be finished through internet based. This examination is linked with test vouchers and promotional codes. The authenticity on the voucher offering firm must be effectively recognized to the candidates. The promotional code has to be accessed appropriately and in the event of fraudulent vouchers as well as promotional codes mustn't satisfactory and CISCO will not repay the price. The candidates must wait around 5 days for that prepared examination immediately after fee and so they can't sit for that exact same exam for that following one hundred eighty days just in case of recertification.

That has a view to acquire licensed and qualified for the CCIE Workout some factors are to be remembered efficiently. Right after passing the created examination the candidates have got a a majority of 18 months time for seeking the lab exam. If your period of time exceeds then the authenticity within the created test could be invalid. For your to start with timer applied to obtain CCIE certification the penned test is obtainable inside of the type of Beta examination with reductions offered. While in the Beta time period the candidates can sit only the moment for your exam. The results will occur inside 6 to 8 weeks right after the examination is more than.

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The price for Lab examination has to be cleared previously than 90 days within the scheduled exam. With out the fee the reservation may likely be cancelled. Just after passing the Lab examination mixed with the published exam the candidates can utilize for your CCIE certification. By contemplating many of the specifics connected with all the talked about techniques, it's possible to get the CISCO certification in hand and be capable for your CCIE Exercise.