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The solution to this difficulty will depend on the type of targeted visitors distinctions you would like to produce, likewise the edition of IOS you happen to be managing with your routers. CCIE Voice Training

There will have to be anything that defines the various kinds of page views that you just wish to prioritize. Generally, the more simple the distinctions are to help make, the better. It is because all of the assessments consider router assets and introduce processing delays. The most prevalent principles for distinguishing concerning traffic sorts use the packet's input interface and rather simple IP header tips like as TCP port quantities. The subsequent examples clearly show how you can set an IP Precedence worth of speedy (two) for all FTP management targeted visitors that arrives thru the serial0/0 interface, and an IP Precedence of priority (one) for all FTP knowledge traffic. This distinction is possible on the grounds that FTP regulate website traffic usages TCP port 21, and FTP info utilizes port twenty.

The newest system for configuring this employs course maps. Cisco earliest launched this attribute in IOS Model twelve.0(5)T. This method 1st defines a class-map that specifies how the router will establish this kind of traffic. It then defines a policy-map that actually helps make the improvements on the packet's TOS field:

Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any eq ftp any
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any any eq ftp
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any eq ftp-data any
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any any eq ftp-data
Router(config)#class-map match-all ser00-ftpcontrol
Router(config-cmap)#description branch ftp control traffic
Router(config-cmap)#match input-interface serial0/0
Router(config-cmap)#match access-group 101
Router(config-cmap)#exit
Router(config)#class-map match-all ser00-ftpdata
Router(config-cmap)#description branch ftp data traffic
Router(config-cmap)#match input-interface serial0/0
Router(config-cmap)#match access-group 102
Router(config-cmap)#exit
Router(config)#policy-map serialftppolicy
Router(config-pmap)#description branch ftp traffic policy
Router(config-pmap)#class ser00-ftpcontrol
Router(config-pmap-c)#set ip precedence immediate
Router(config-pmap-c)#exit
Router(config-pmap)#class ser00-ftpdata
Router(config-pmap-c)#set ip precedence priority
Router(config-pmap-c)#exit
Router(config-pmap)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial0/0
Router(config-if)#ip route-cache policy
Router(config-if)#service-policy input serialftppolicy
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#end
Router#

For earlier IOS variations, wherever class-maps ended up not on hand, you might have to implement policy-based routing to change the TOS area in a packet. Applying this policy for the interface tells the router to work with this coverage to check all incoming packets on this interface and rewrite the ones that match the route map:Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any eq ftp any
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any any eq ftp
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any eq ftp-data any
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any any eq ftp-data
Router(config)#route-map serialftp-rtmap permit 10
Router(config-route-map)#match ip address 101
Router(config-route-map)#set ip precedence immediate
Router(config-route-map)#exit
Router(config)#route-map serialftp-rtmap permit 20
Router(config-route-map)#match ip address 102
Router(config-route-map)#set ip precedence priority
Router(config-route-map)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial0/0
Router(config-if)#ip policy route-map serialftp-rtmap
Router(config-if)#ip route-cache policy
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#end
Router#

Before you can easily tag a packet for unique cure, you have got to acquire a particularly apparent thought of what kinds of website traffic desire exclusive therapy, not to mention specifically what sort of distinctive remedy they may really need. With the instance, we have now decided to give a specific concern to FTP targeted traffic acquired on the precise serial interface. We display learn how to try this using each the old and new configuration methods.
This may look to get a rather synthetic example. Subsequent to all, why would you treatment about tagging inbound targeted traffic that you simply have previously acquired from a low-speed interface? In actual fact, on the list of most important rules for employing QoS inside of a network is i suggest you almost always tag the packet as early as feasible, ideally for the edges with the network. Then, since it passes from the network, each and every router only has to look into the tag, and would not need to do any added classification. In cases like this, we would guarantee which the FTP targeted traffic returning with the other administration is tagged by the to begin with router that receives it. And so the outbound customers has previously been tagged, and it is a waste of router resources to reclassify the outbound packets.

Some organizations basically take this idea of marking with the edges a person action more, and remark each and every received packet. This aids to ensure that people aren't requesting extraordinary QoS privileges that they are not allowed to get. At the same time, you should be watchful of this merely because it might frequently disrupt respectable markings. For example, a real-time software might probably use RSVP to reserve bandwidth throughout the network. It is necessary that the packets for this software have the appropriate Expedited Forwarding (EF) DSCP marking or the network won't deal with them accordingly. Yet, additionally you will not want to permit other non-real-time applications from this exact supply hold the same exact EF priority amount. So, for those who are heading to configure your routers to remark all incoming packets in the edges, make sure you understand what incoming markings are legit.

In that situation, the routers are managing DLSw to bridge SNA targeted traffic by means of an IP network. And so the routers their selves literally make the IP packets. This creates a further problem given that there may be no incoming interface. To ensure recipe takes advantage of area policy-based routing. The very fact that the router generates the packets also offers it a crucial advantage considering it does not have to take into account any DLSw packets which may just transpire to pass through.

The benefits on the newer class-map technique are not apparent within this instance, but amongst the to begin with substantial merits appears if you would like to utilize the more modern day DSCP tagging scheme. Since the more mature policy-based routing way won't straight assistance DSCP, you may have to faux it by setting each the IP Precedence together with the TOS independently as follows.

Router(config)#route-map serialftp-rtmap permit 10
Router(config-route-map)#match ip address 115
Router(config-route-map)#set ip precedence immediate
Router(config-route-map)#set ip tos max-throughput

In this case, the packet will wind up with an IP Precedence value of immediate, or 2 (010 in binary), and TOS of max-throughput, or 4 (0100 in binary).

Doing the same thing with the class-map method is much more direct:

Router(config)#policy-map serialftppolicy
Router(config-pmap)#class serialftpclass
Router(config-pmap-c)#set ip dscp af21

Class-maps will likely be beneficial later on in this chapter after we talk about class-based weighted honest queuing and class-based targeted traffic shaping.
It is very important to notice that all the way through this entire illustration, we have only place a specific value into the packet's TOS or DSCP subject. This, by itself, isn't going to impact how the packet is forwarded by means of the network. To undertake that, you will need to guarantee that as each router during the network forwards these marked packets, the interface queues will react appropriately to this details.

At long last, we should observe that even while this recipe displays two handy tactics of marking packets, utilising Dedicated Entry Amount (Motor vehicle) options. Car tends to become a great deal more productive on bigger velocity interfaces.

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Use the output-delay configuration command to adjust the inter-packet delay of the RIP protocol:
Router2#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router2(config)#router rip
Router2(config-router)#output-delay 10
Router2(config-router)#exit
Router2(config)#end
Router2#

If the routing table distributed in each update is small, it will fit into a single packet. But the maximum size for a RIP update packet is 512 bytes. Each packet has an 8-byte UDP header, and 4 bytes of general RIP information. The remaining 500 bytes of the packet carry the actual routes. Each individual route takes 20 bytes, so there can be at most 25 routes in one packet. If you have more than 25 routes in your routing table, RIP must send it as multiple packets.
The problem with this is that some devices can't process large amounts of incoming routing information quickly, and they wind up missing some of the routing information. This is particularly true for older legacy equipment, or routers with slow processors or insufficient memory. So if you find that one or more of the neighboring routers has a mysteriously incomplete routing table, it might help to increase the interpacket spacing. The other reason for increasing the output-delay is to prevent bursts of RIP traffic from causing network congestion.
For example, in Frame Relay networks, if you burst above the Committed Information Rate (CIR), the extra packets are marked as Discard Eligible, meaning that if there is congestion, these are the first packets that the network should drop. Dropping routing protocol packets can cause serious problems. Spreading out this burst of RIP traffic might be sufficient to prevent this sort of problem.
The output-delay command allows you to specify the interpacket delay in milliseconds. The default is 0, meaning that the router will send packets as fast as it can. You can specify any delay value between 8 and 50 milliseconds with this command. It is not necessary to specify a corresponding delay on neighboring routers.
The output of the show ip protocols command includes the output delay value if you specify any nondefault value:
Router2#show ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 60 seconds, next due in 17 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Output delay 10 milliseconds between packets
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface Send Recv Triggered RIP Key-chain
Ethernet0 1 1 2
Serial0.1 1 1 2
Automatic network summarization is in effect
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
172.25.0.0
192.168.30.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
172.25.2.1 120 00:00:23
Distance: (default is 120)
Router2#
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As a final exam preparation tool, the CCIE Voice Exam Quick Reference Sheets provides a concise review of all objectives on the new CCIE Voice written exam (350-030). This digital Short Cut provides you with detailed, graphical-based information, highlighting only the key topics in cram-style format.

With this document as your guide, you will review topics on Cisco CallManager and Unity; QoS; telephony protocols; IOS IP telephony; IP IVR; IPCC; voice security, operations, and management; and infrastructure and application protocols. These fact-filled Quick Reference Sheets allow you to get all-important information at a glance, helping you focus your study on areas of weakness and to enhance memory retention of essential exam concepts.

Table of Contents
1. Cisco CallManager
2. Understanding Quality of Service (QoS)
3. Telephony Protocols
4. Cisco Unity
5. IOS IP Telephony Skills
6. IP Interactive Voice Response (IP IVR)/IP Contact Center (IPCC) Express
7. Security
8. Infrastructure Protocols
9. Application Protocols
10. Operations and Network Management
Mark Lewis, CCIE No. 6280, is technical director of MJL Network Solutions, a provider of internetworking solutions that focuses on helping enterprise and service provider customers implement leading-edge technologies, including VoIP/IP telephony solutions. Mark specializes in next-generation/advanced network technologies and has extensive experience designing, deploying, and migrating large-scale IP/MPLS networks and VoIP/IP telephony solutions. He is an active participant in the IETF, a member of the IEEE, and a Certified Cisco Systems Instructor (CCSI).