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Cisco provides several useful commands for looking at an interface's queuing configuration and performance. The first of these is the show queue command:

Router#show queue FastEthernet0/0

  Input queue: 0/75/105/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0

  Queuing strategy: weighted fair

  Output queue: 0/1000/96/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops)

     Conversations  0/1/128 (active/max active/max total)

     Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)

     Available Bandwidth 75000 kilobits/sec

Router#

Use the show queuing command to look the router's queuing configuration in general:

Router#show queuing

Current fair queue configuration:

  Interface           Discard    Dynamic  Reserved  Link    Priority

                      threshold  queues   queues    queues  queues

  FastEthernet0/0     96         128      258       8       1

  Serial0/0           64         256      37        8       1

  Serial0/1           96         128      256       8       1

Current DLCI priority queue configuration:

Current priority queue configuration:

List   Queue  Args

1      high   protocol ip          tcp port 198

1      high   protocol pppoe-sessi

2      high   protocol ip          udp port 199

3      low    default

3      high   protocol ip          list 101

Current custom queue configuration:

Current random-detect configuration:

Router#

The show queue and show queuing commands augment the show interface output, which also shows important queuing information:

Router#show interface FastEthernet0/0

FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up

  Hardware is AmdFE, address is 0001.9670.b780 (bia 0001.9670.b780)

  MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100 usec,

     reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255

  Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set

  Keepalive set (10 sec)

  Full-duplex, 100Mb/s, 100BaseTX/FX

  ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00

  Last input 00:00:00, output 00:00:00, output hang never

  Last clearing of "show interface" counters never

  Input queue: 0/75/105/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0

  Queuing strategy: weighted fair

  Output queue: 0/1000/96/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops)

     Conversations  0/1/128 (active/max active/max total)

     Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)

     Available Bandwidth 75000 kilobits/sec

  5 minute input rate 1000 bits/sec, 2 packets/sec

  5 minute output rate 2000 bits/sec, 2 packets/sec

     2495069 packets input, 181306312 bytes

     Received 2333309 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles

     0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored

     0 watchdog

     0 input packets with dribble condition detected

     1927544 packets output, 197958017 bytes, 0 underruns

     0 output errors, 0 collisions, 21 interface resets

     0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred

     0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier

     0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out

Router#

The show queue command is a good starting point when looking at queuing issues. It tells you what queuing algorithm is used, as well as information about any drops:

Router#show queue FastEthernet0/0

  Input queue: 0/75/105/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0

  Queuing strategy: weighted fair

  Output queue: 0/1000/96/0 (size/max total/threshold/drops)

     Conversations  0/1/128 (active/max active/max total)

     Reserved Conversations 0/0 (allocated/max allocated)

     Available Bandwidth 75000 kilobits/sec

In this case, you can see that the interface uses WFQ. This can be slightly deceptive because we actually configured this interface for CBWFQ. The Reserved Connections line indicates that no RSVP reservation queues have been allocated for this interface. So if you tried to use RSVP on this interface, it would not work right now.

The show queue command gives no output at all when you use Custom Queuing or Priority Queuing on an interface.

The first section of output from the show queuing command gives some useful summary information on fair queuing parameters:

Router#show queuing

Current fair queue configuration:

  Interface           Discard    Dynamic  Reserved  Link    Priority

                      threshold  queues   queues    queues  queues

  FastEthernet0/0     96         128      258       8       1

  Serial0/0           64         256      37        8       1

  Serial0/1           96         128      256       8       1

In this case, you can immediately see and compare the queue sizes between different interfaces.

Working with CCIE, specialists have a chance to ascertain their selves inside the area of networking. Only some thousand folks are believed to clear the CCIE exam. CCIE labs are thought-about to impart great phase of training environment, which acts as being a substantial gain for candidates.

CCIE examination entails two assessments, which might be a CCIE created look at together with a CCIE lab exam. In order to attempt the lab exam, you should clear the written examination. When you're not inside a position to clear the created examination the initial time, be certain to see for any hundred and eighty days for retaking it. Following clearing the authored verify, you'll find it preferred to make an check out for that CCIE lab exam within eighteen months. It you might be unable to crystal clear the lab examination, then you definately could re-try inside twelve months having a watch to take care of the penned examination end result valid.

It has a time prohibit of two hrs and it is carried out in quite a few have a look at centers around the world. The topics lined throughout the published exam depend upon the specialization or monitor you end up picking. For company provider, it's possible you'll pick out from groups like Cable, DSL, IP Telephony, Dial, Written content content Networking, Optical, WAN switching, and Metro Ethernet. Every single published test is prepared in existence in the beta form at a value of $50 USD.

The CCIE lab test is exceptional in naturel, as it is an eight-hour test, which exams the power for the applicant to configure and troubleshoot networking devices. Cisco has large diploma of package in its CCIE labs to be used within the lab exams. The blue print with the lab test is obtainable on its website. The lab examination is just not accessible in anyway Pearson VUE or Prometric testing centers.

A normal CCIE R&S lab examination contains a two-hour hassle-taking pictures section by which you may be presented a collection of tickets for preconfigured networks in the CCIE labs. It is important to have the ability to identify and resolve the faults. You can proceed towards the configuration part after you end the troubleshooting part.

A sound passing score is critical to attempt a CCIE Labs exam. Cisco uses the help of proctors to guage the candidates while in the preliminary rounds in its CCIE labs located worldwide. Factors are awarded when a criterion is met and grading is carried out making use of some computerized tools. The outcomes of a lab examination are mirrored inside forty 8 hrs. A move/fail is projected throughout the end result and in case of a fail, the areas where you happen to be lacking behind are talked about so as to put together properly earlier than a re-try.

Cisco stands out within the field of networking by providing a CCIE certification so that you can pursue your education as well as get acknowledged by a reputed organization. The CCIE lab exam can be utilized as a platform to challenge your capability in varied tracks provided by Cisco. Attempting a lab examination requires rigorous workout and substantial sense of understanding. The CCIE labs type step one to your huge potential career.

Implementing Custom Queuing on a router is a two-step procedure. First, you must define the traffic types that will populate your queues. And then you apply the queuing method to an interface:

Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line.  End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#access-list 103 permit ip any any precedence 5

Router(config)#access-list 104 permit ip any any precedence 4

Router(config)#access-list 105 permit ip any any precedence 3

Router(config)#access-list 106 permit ip any any precedence 2

Router(config)#access-list 107 permit ip any any precedence 1

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 3 list 103

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 4 list 104

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 5 list 105

Router(config)#queue-list 1 queue 5 byte-count 3000 limit 55

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 6 list 106

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 7 list 107

Router(config)#queue-list 1 default 8

Router(config)#interface HSSI0/0

Router(config-if)#custom-queue-list 1

Router(config-if)#exit

Router(config)#end

Router#

When you enable Custom Queuing, the router automatically creates 16 queues for application traffic plus one more for system requirements. You can look at the queues with a normal show interface command:

Router#show interface Ethernet0

Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up

  Hardware is Lance, address is 0000.0cf0.8460 (bia 0000.0cf0.8460)

  Internet address is 192.168.1.201/24

  MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec,

     reliability 255/255, txload 2/255, rxload 1/255

  Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)

  ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00

  Last input 00:00:00, output 00:00:00, output hang never

  Last clearing of "show interface" counters never

  Input queue: 2/75/0 (size/max/drops); Total output drops: 0

  Queuing strategy: custom-list 1

  Output queues: (queue #: size/max/drops)

     0: 0/20/0 1: 0/20/0 2: 0/20/0 3: 0/20/0 4: 0/20/0

     5: 0/55/3 6: 5/20/0 7: 0/20/0 8: 0/20/0 9: 0/20/0

     10: 0/20/0 11: 0/20/0 12: 0/20/0 13: 0/20/0 14: 0/20/0

     15: 0/20/0 16: 0/20/0

  5 minute input rate 5000 bits/sec, 12 packets/sec

  5 minute output rate 106000 bits/sec, 24 packets/sec

     132910 packets input, 14513345 bytes, 0 no buffer

     Received 109570 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles

     9 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 9 ignored, 0 abort

     0 input packets with dribble condition detected

     1028116 packets output, 85603681 bytes, 0 underruns

     1 output errors, 42 collisions, 8 interface resets

     0 babbles, 0 late collision, 4 deferred

     1 lost carrier, 0 no carrier

     0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out

Router#

In this output, you can see that queue number 6 currently has 5 packets queued and waiting for delivery (6: 5/20/0), while queue number 5 has had to drop 3 packets due to congestion (5: 0/55/3).

The example assigns queue number 3 for all packets with the highest application IP Precedence value of 5. Similarly, packets with Precedence 4 use queue number 4, Precedence 3 use queue 5, Precedence 2 use queue 6, Precedence 1 use queue 7, and everything else uses queue number 8.

Custom Queuing does not assign a default queue for unclassified traffic, so you must remember to do this. The command in the example defines the default as queue number 8:

Router(config)#queue-list 1 default 8

Note that if there is another nonIP protocol such as IPX configured on this interface, it will also use the default queue. If you prefer to give this other protocol its own set of queues, you can use define them using access lists for that protocol. The configuration is nearly identical to the IP example we have shown, except for the exact access list syntax, which naturally depends on the protocol.

By default, the Custom Queuing scheduler visits all queues in order and takes an average of 1,500 bytes from each, and each queue can hold up to 20 packets. In the example, we changed these default values for queue number 5:

Router(config)#queue-list 1 queue 5 byte-count 3000 limit 55

This tells the scheduler to take an average of 3000 bytes from this queue on each pass, and to store up to 55 packets in the queue. Increasing the number of bytes will effectively increase the share of the bandwidth that this queue receives. Increasing the queue depth decreases the probability of tail drops. But it also increases the amount of time that a packet could theoretically spend in the queue, which may increase latency and jitter.

In this example, all of the traffic types are selected by the IP Precedence value. It is also possible to select based on specific applications. You can do this either with an access-list or, in some cases, using keywords in the queue-list command. For example, if you wanted to select all DLSw traffic and send it to queue number 9, you could create an access-list:

Router(config)#access-list 117 permit ip any eq 2065 any

Router(config)#access-list 117 permit ip any any eq 2065

Router(config)#access-list 117 permit ip any eq 2067 any

Router(config)#access-list 117 permit ip any any eq 2067

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol ip 9 list 117

Or you could do it like this:

Router(config)#queue-list 1 protocol dlsw 9

This second method is clearly easier, but the number of protocol types that can be defined this way is unfortunately rather limited.

We have three important final notes on Custom Queuing that you should bear in mind. The first point is that if traffic from all of these streams is present, the router will share traffic between them. In this example, we have used six different queues: one for each of the five application precedence levels, plus a default. By default, each will receive a roughly equal share of the total bandwidth. So you may be surprised to find that despite imposing different queues for the different traffic types, the important traffic still doesn't get a large enough share of the bandwidth. You can affect this with the byte-count keyword, as we discussed earlier. Note that the queues are serviced by byte count rather than packet count. So suppose you have two queues, one of which supports an interactive session with many short packets, and another that contains a bulk transfer with a few large packets. If you configure the router to service these queues with the same byte-count, it will tend to forward a lot more of the small packets. But the net share of the bandwidth will be roughly equal on average.

Second, in Custom Queuing, the traffic within each queue competes directly with all other traffic in the same queue. So, for example, if one user sends a burst of application traffic that fills one of the queues, this will cause tail drops for other users whose traffic uses the same queue.

And the third point is that the more queues you define, the smaller the share of the total bandwidth each queue receives. Further, having more queues increases the amount of processing the router has to do to segregate the traffic.

The second and third points compete with one another. The second one tends to point toward increasing the number of queues to limit the competition within each queue. But the third point should convince you that there is a point of diminishing returns where more queues will not help the situation. In practice, the third rule tends to win out. It rarely turns out to be beneficial to have more than five or six Custom Queues, unless some of those queues are only used very lightly.

Custom Queuing is an older QoS mechanism on Cisco routers. In most cases, you will likely find that a newer algorithm such as CBWFQ will be more flexible and give better results.

Working with CCIE, specialists have a chance to ascertain their selves inside the area of networking. Only some thousand folks are believed to clear the CCIE exam. CCIE Lab are thought-about to impart great phase of training environment, which acts as being a substantial gain for candidates.

CCIE examination entails two assessments, which might be a CCIE created look at together with a CCIE lab exam. In order to attempt the lab exam, you should clear the written examination. When you're not inside a position to clear the created examination the initial time, be certain to see for any hundred and eighty days for retaking it. Following clearing the authored verify, you'll find it preferred to make an check out for that CCIE lab exam within eighteen months. It you might be unable to crystal clear the lab examination, then you definately could re-try inside twelve months having a watch to take care of the penned examination end result valid.

It has a time prohibit of two hrs and it is carried out in quite a few have a look at centers around the world. The topics lined throughout the published exam depend upon the specialization or monitor you end up picking. For company provider, it's possible you'll pick out from groups like Cable, DSL, IP Telephony, Dial, Written content content Networking, Optical, WAN switching, and Metro Ethernet. Every single published test is prepared in existence in the beta form at a value of $50 USD.

The CCIE lab test is exceptional in naturel, as it is an eight-hour test, which exams the power for the applicant to configure and troubleshoot networking devices. Cisco has large diploma of package in its CCIE labs to be used within the lab exams. The blue print with the lab test is obtainable on its website. The lab examination is just not accessible in anyway Pearson VUE or Prometric testing centers.

A normal CCIE R&S lab examination contains a two-hour hassle-taking pictures section by which you may be presented a collection of tickets for preconfigured networks in the CCIE labs. It is important to have the ability to identify and resolve the faults. You can proceed towards the configuration part after you end the troubleshooting part.

A sound passing score is critical to attempt a CCIE lab exam. Cisco uses the help of proctors to guage the candidates while in the preliminary rounds in its CCIE labs located worldwide. Factors are awarded when a criterion is met and grading is carried out making use of some computerized tools. The outcomes of a lab examination are mirrored inside forty 8 hrs. A move/fail is projected throughout the end result and in case of a fail, the areas where you happen to be lacking behind are talked about so as to put together properly earlier than a re-try.

Cisco stands out within the field of networking by providing a CCIE certification so that you can pursue your education as well as get acknowledged by a reputed organization. The CCIE Labs exam can be utilized as a platform to challenge your capability in varied tracks provided by Cisco. Attempting a lab examination requires rigorous workout and substantial sense of understanding. The CCIE labs type step one to your huge potential career.

The answer to this situation will depend on the type of site traffic distinctions you wish to create, in addition the edition of IOS you are running in your routers. CCIE Bootcamps

There ought to be a thing that defines the various kinds of targeted visitors that you want to prioritize. Generally, the less difficult the distinctions are to help make, the better. It's because each of the exams get router resources and introduce processing delays. The most common rules for distinguishing between visitors sorts utilize the packet's input interface and uncomplicated IP header details such as TCP port figures. The subsequent examples clearly show tips to set an IP Precedence worth of immediate (two) for all FTP manage site traffic that arrives as a result of the serial0/0 interface, and an IP Precedence of priority (one) for all FTP knowledge visitors. This distinction is possible merely because FTP command site visitors works by using TCP port 21, and FTP info usages port 20.

The newest technique for configuring this works by using course maps. Cisco number one launched this feature in IOS Version twelve.0(five)T. This process 1st defines a class-map that specifies how the router will detect this kind of targeted visitors. It then defines a policy-map that actually helps make the adjustments for the packet's TOS discipline:

Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any eq ftp any
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any any eq ftp
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any eq ftp-data any
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any any eq ftp-data
Router(config)#class-map match-all ser00-ftpcontrol
Router(config-cmap)#description branch ftp control traffic
Router(config-cmap)#match input-interface serial0/0
Router(config-cmap)#match access-group 101
Router(config-cmap)#exit
Router(config)#class-map match-all ser00-ftpdata
Router(config-cmap)#description branch ftp data traffic
Router(config-cmap)#match input-interface serial0/0
Router(config-cmap)#match access-group 102
Router(config-cmap)#exit
Router(config)#policy-map serialftppolicy
Router(config-pmap)#description branch ftp traffic policy
Router(config-pmap)#class ser00-ftpcontrol
Router(config-pmap-c)#set ip precedence immediate
Router(config-pmap-c)#exit
Router(config-pmap)#class ser00-ftpdata
Router(config-pmap-c)#set ip precedence priority
Router(config-pmap-c)#exit
Router(config-pmap)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial0/0
Router(config-if)#ip route-cache policy
Router(config-if)#service-policy input serialftppolicy
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#end
Router#

For before IOS variations, where exactly class-maps had been not on hand, you may have to employ policy-based routing to change the TOS subject in a very packet. Applying this coverage with the interface tells the router make use of this coverage to check all incoming packets on this interface and rewrite the ones that match the route map:Router#configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any eq ftp any
Router(config)#access-list 101 permit any any eq ftp
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any eq ftp-data any
Router(config)#access-list 102 permit any any eq ftp-data
Router(config)#route-map serialftp-rtmap permit 10
Router(config-route-map)#match ip address 101
Router(config-route-map)#set ip precedence immediate
Router(config-route-map)#exit
Router(config)#route-map serialftp-rtmap permit 20
Router(config-route-map)#match ip address 102
Router(config-route-map)#set ip precedence priority
Router(config-route-map)#exit
Router(config)#interface serial0/0
Router(config-if)#ip policy route-map serialftp-rtmap
Router(config-if)#ip route-cache policy
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config)#end
Router#

Well before you'll tag a packet for distinctive therapy, you will have to get an extremely apparent strategy of what varieties of targeted traffic absolutely need extraordinary therapy, in addition to precisely what kind of unique treatment they may want. With the instance, we have now chose to give a extraordinary priority to FTP targeted traffic received on a certain serial interface. We present tips on how to try this applying both equally the old and new configuration approaches.
This may appear to become a somewhat synthetic case in point. Following all, why would you care about tagging inbound page views you have by now obtained from a low-speed interface? Really, one of the many most vital rules for applying QoS in the network is it is advisable to consistently tag the packet as early as is possible, ideally at the edges with the network. Then, because it passes in the network, every router only must investigate the tag, and will not must do any supplemental classification. In this instance, we'd assure which the FTP page views returning from the other direction is tagged by initial router that receives it. Therefore the outbound site traffic has by now been tagged, and this is a waste of router sources to reclassify the outbound packets.

Numerous organizations honestly get this idea of marking at the edges one particular move additionally, and remark all obtained packet. This helps to make sure that customers aren't requesting particular QoS privileges which they aren't permitted to possess. Having said that, you ought to be watchful of this due to the fact that it can occasionally disrupt reliable markings. As an illustration, a real-time software might possibly use RSVP to order bandwidth through the network. It is actually vital that the packets for this application have the correct Expedited Forwarding (EF) DSCP marking or perhaps the network won't deal with them accordingly. Nonetheless, additionally you will not just want to let other non-real-time applications from this exact same supply possess the very same EF priority level. So, for anyone who is heading to configure your routers to remark all incoming packets for the edges, ensure you realize what incoming markings are reputable.

In that situation, the routers are running DLSw to bridge SNA customers by using an IP network. Therefore the routers on their own in actual fact construct the IP packets. This creates an additional challenge simply because there is certainly no incoming interface. To make sure that recipe makes use of hometown policy-based routing. The actual fact which the router generates the packets also offers it an essential edge because it does not have to take into consideration any DLSw packets that may just come about to pass through.

The advantages belonging to the newer class-map strategy aren't evident in such a illustration, but among the list of primary massive merits appears if you need to make use of the greater modern-day DSCP tagging scheme. Since the more mature policy-based routing procedure doesn't right support DSCP, you could have to fake it by setting equally the IP Precedence and the TOS independently as follows.

Router(config)#route-map serialftp-rtmap permit 10
Router(config-route-map)#match ip address 115
Router(config-route-map)#set ip precedence immediate
Router(config-route-map)#set ip tos max-throughput

In this case, the packet will wind up with an IP Precedence value of immediate, or 2 (010 in binary), and TOS of max-throughput, or 4 (0100 in binary).

Doing the same thing with the class-map method is much more direct:

Router(config)#policy-map serialftppolicy
Router(config-pmap)#class serialftpclass
Router(config-pmap-c)#set ip dscp af21

Class-maps will even be handy afterwards in this chapter once we speak about class-based weighted truthful queuing and class-based page views shaping.
It is necessary to note that all the way through this whole example, we've only set a special value into your packet's TOS or DSCP industry. This, by itself, isn't going to impact how the packet is forwarded via the network. To carry out that, you have got to be certain that as every single router inside network forwards these marked packets, the interface queues will react appropriately to this data.

Lastly, we must always be aware that at the same time this recipe displays two valuable solutions of marking packets, working with Dedicated Entry Charge (Automotive) options. Automobile tends to be even more effective on bigger pace interfaces.

Right CCIE Instruction and therefore the correctly tactic to get CCIE Certification CCIE Training

There is not a need to have some other competent training or course certificates to qualify. The CCIE Security workout is made up of a penned examination to qualify and then the lab examination. You are recommended to get on the minimum 3-5 a long time of profession know-how earlier than hoping this certification.

The examination for the CCIE Security is of two-hour length with multiple choices. This includes hundred problems, that will cover topics equivalent to application protocols, performing devices, security technologies, safety protocols, and Cisco basic safety programs. The test provides are provided over the spot and you simply aren't allowed to usher in external reference elements.

Network engineers having a CCIE certificates are perceived as as the knowledgeable inside the group engineering discipline and therefore the masters of CISCO services. The CCIE has introduced revolution in the community business regarding technically hard assignments and selections using the necessary instruments and methodologies. There exists a software which updates and reorganizes the instruments to supply fine quality support. You'll find totally different modes of CCIE Workout like penned examination preparing and effectiveness dependent lab. This can help to strengthen the effectivity and usual within the marketplace. CISCO has launched this certification coverage in 1993 along with a watch to tell apart the highest authorities from your relaxation.

In order to be licensed, number one published examination should be handed upon which must cross the lab examination. CISCO in anyway situations tries to apply completely unique CCIE Schooling procedures for higher effectiveness. There are a number of basic steps for your CCIE certification. The primary action for certification could be to pass a two hours lasting pc primarily based mainly MCQ oriented created exam. For this test crucial payments must be completed by the use of on-line. This examination is associated with exam vouchers and promotional codes. The authenticity of the voucher delivering organization ought to be well recognised with the candidates. The promotional code has to be accessed accurately and in case of fraudulent vouchers alongside promotional codes mustn't satisfactory and CISCO won't repay the value. The candidates should wait around five days for your authored examination after payment plus they cannot sit for your similar test for your following 100 eighty days just in case of recertification.

That has a watch to have certified and qualified for the CCIE Workout some components are to be remembered appropriately. As a result of passing the developed examination the candidates use a almost all of 18 months time for wanting the lab examination. If the time period exceeds then the authenticity in the prepared test will likely to be invalid. For your first timer applied to possess CCIE certification the published exam is available inside the type of Beta examination with reductions readily available. While in the Beta interval the candidates can sit only the minute for the exam. The results will occur inside of six to 8 weeks after the examination is about.

The following step for the CCIE certification is the Lab test. The shortlisted candidates for the prepared exam can entirely apply for your fingers-on lab test. Nevertheless there are lots of composed examination centers of CISCO even so Lab examination amenities are minimal. It can be an eight hour fingers-on sensible centered for the most part examination wherein the ability of troubleshooting and configuring community largely based conditions and software system are checked. For your scheduling of Lab examination the shortlisted candidates on the before developed exam need to present the identification quantity in addition to passing ranking as well as date of passing.

The associated fee for Lab examination should be cleared before than ninety days of your scheduled examination. With out the price the reservation may be cancelled. Just after passing the Lab examination combined when using the published check the candidates can implement for the CCIE certification. By contemplating the many facts involved when using the described procedures, one can obtain the CISCO certification in hand and be competent for your CCIE Coaching.

Working with CCIE, specialists have a chance to ascertain their selves inside the area of networking. Only some thousand folks are believed to clear the CCIE Lab Exam. CCIE labs are considered to impart big phase of coaching atmosphere, which functions as a important profit for candidates.

CCIE examination entails two assessments, which might be a CCIE developed verify in addition to a CCIE lab test. To be able to try the lab exam, you need to clear the written exam. Should you be not in the place to distinct the written examination the very first time, make sure you enjoy for your hundred and eighty days for retaking it. Immediately after clearing the written check out, it is most suitable to generate an try for that CCIE Labs test within 18 months. It you might be incapable to distinct the lab examination, then you definitely would be wise to re-try inside of 12 months which includes a view to keep up the penned examination consequence legitimate.

It has a time restrict of two hrs and is also completed in a variety of have a look at centers around the world. The subjects lined inside the prepared examination rely on the specialization or monitor you end up picking. For company supplier, you might opt for from classes like Cable, DSL, IP Telephony, Dial, Written content substance Networking, Optical, WAN switching, and Metro Ethernet. Every single authored examination is prepared these days in the beta form at a worth of $50 USD.

The CCIE lab exam is exceptional in naturel, as it can be an eight-hour exam, which checks the ability from the applicant to configure and troubleshoot networking products. Cisco has large degree of package in its CCIE labs for use within the lab exams. The blue print from the lab exam is available on its web site. The lab examination isn't for sale in any way Pearson VUE or Prometric testing centers.

A average CCIE R&S lab examination contains a two-hour hassle-taking pictures section by which that you are presented a collection of tickets for preconfigured networks throughout the CCIE labs. It is advisable to have the ability to identify and resolve the faults. You can proceed towards the configuration part upon you end the troubleshooting part.

A sound passing score is critical to attempt a CCIE lab exam. Cisco uses the help of proctors to guage the candidates within the preliminary rounds in its CCIE labs located worldwide. Factors are awarded when a criterion is met and grading is carried out making use of some computerized tools. The outcomes of a lab examination are mirrored inside forty eight hrs. A move/fail is projected in the end consequence and in case of a fail, the areas where you're lacking behind are talked about so as to put together properly earlier than a re-try.

Cisco stands out in the field of networking by providing a CCIE certification so that you can pursue your education as well as get acknowledged by a reputed organization. The CCIE Lab exam can be utilized like a platform to challenge your capability in varied tracks provided by Cisco. Attempting a lab exam requires rigorous teaching and big sense of understanding. The CCIE labs type step one to your high potential career.

Configuring Cisco routers to use BGP Communities is a two-step process. You must specify the desired Community values by using a route map associated with a neighbor command:
Router3#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router3(config)#ip prefix-list 10.101/16 seq 5 permit 10.101.0.0/16
Router3(config)#ip prefix-list 10.102/16 seq 5 permit 10.102.0.0/16
Router3(config)#ip prefix-list 10.103/16 seq 5 permit 10.103.0.0/16
Router3(config)#ip prefix-list 10.104/16 seq 5 permit 10.104.0.0/16
Router3(config)#ip prefix-list 10.105/16 seq 5 permit 10.105.0.0/16
Router3(config)#route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A permit 10
Router3(config-route-map)#match ip address prefix-list 10.101/16
Router3(config-route-map)#set community no-advertise
Router3(config-route-map)#exit
Router3(config)#route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A permit 20
Router3(config-route-map)#match ip address prefix-list 10.102/16
Router3(config-route-map)#set community no-export
Router3(config-route-map)#exit
Router3(config)#route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A permit 30
Router3(config-route-map)#match ip address prefix-list 10.103/16
Router3(config-route-map)#set community local-AS
Router3(config-route-map)#exit
Router3(config)#route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A permit 40
Router3(config-route-map)#match ip address prefix-list 10.104/16
Router3(config-route-map)#set community internet
Router3(config-route-map)#exit
Router3(config)#route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A permit 50
Router3(config-route-map)#match ip address prefix-list 10.105/16
Router3(config-route-map)#set community 4293328976
Router3(config-route-map)#exit
Router3(config)#route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A permit 100
Router3(config-route-map)#exit
Router3(config)#router bgp 65500
Router3(config-router)#no synchronization
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.3 remote-as 65500
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.3 next-hop-self
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.3 send-community both
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.10 remote-as 65500
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.10 next-hop-self
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.10 send-community both
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.9 remote-as 65520
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.9 send-community both
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.9 route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A in
Router3(config-router)#exit
Router3(config)#end
Router3#
Then, for all of the downstream routers that you want to use and/or propagate the Community values that you are setting, you must include the neighbor send-community command:
Router2#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router2(config)#router bgp 65500
Router2(config-router)#no synchronization
Router2(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.4 remote-as 65500
Router2(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.4 send-community both
Router2(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.10 remote-as 65500
Router2(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.10 send-community both
Router2(config-router)#no auto-summary
Router2(config-router)#exit
Router2(config)#end
Router2#
A standard BGP Community is simply a 32-bit number that BGP can attach to routing prefixes. This attribute is defined in RFC 1997, which also specifies that the values 0x00000000 through 0x0000FFFF and 0xFFFF0000 through 0xFFFFFFFF are reserved. It is classed as an Optional Transitive attribute, which means that Community values are passed along with routes, across both iBGP and eBGP links, and whether the receiving router understands what to do with them or not. RFC 4360 defines the Extended Community attribute, which is nearly identical, except that it uses a 64-bit field to help reduce the potential for overlapping uses. CCIE Labs

There are two common uses for Communities. The first simply uses the few Well Known Community attributes:
local-AS (Well Known Community)
This Community value indicates that the associated route should not be advertised outside of the AS. So it is distributed among iBGP peers, but not via eBGP.

no-advertisedo not advertise to any peer (Well Known Community)
The no-advertise Community instructs routers not to advertise this route to any other BGP peers, not even iBGP peers.

no-exportdo not export to next AS (Well Known Community)
Routes containing the no-export Community value are not advertised to any router outside of the Confederation or to any routers outside of the AS.
Internet (Well Known Community)
Routes tagged with the internet community are assumed to be associated with the Public Internet. There is no special action associated with this Community value.

Using these Well Known Community values allows you to exercise control over how routes are distributed throughout your AS and into neighboring ASs. For example, if you have a route in your BGP tables that you want to restrict to your own AS and not advertise it to any external peers, you would simply set the local-AS Community value. If you are using BGP Confederations, you can similarly restrict a route to within a given Confederation by tagging it with the no-export Community. If you are not using Confederations, then the local-AS and no-export Communities have an identical result.

The second use for Communities is a little bit more complicated and requires agreement between ISPs and their clients. The application suggested in RFC 1998 allows customers of an ISP to affect routing decisions for their own routes within their ISP's network. In this system, the customer can tag their routes with a community value containing an ASN and a Local Preference value. The ASN value defines the AS that the customer would like to affect, and is contained in the first 16 bits of the Community value. The remaining 16 bits then contain a Local Preference value. This allows the customer to affect inbound routing for their networks in real time on a prefix-by-prefix basis.

For example, suppose you have two ISPs with ASNs 65511 and 65512. If you want to specify that inbound traffic to your network for a particular prefix is to use the first ISP preferentially, you would include a Community value of 65511:100 (which is FFE7:0064 in hex or 4293328996 in decimal) to request that the ISP set a Local Preference of 100 for this route.

Conversely, if you wanted to make this ISP the backup link for this particular route prefix, you could request a lower Local Preference value such as 80 by including a Community value of 65511:80 (which is FFE7:0050 in hex or 4293328976 in decimal).

The reason why we include these different formats for Community values is because the router configuration file displays them as decimal numbers. However you can also configure them as colon-separated 16-bit decimal numbers to allow ASN:nn format:

Router3(config)#route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A permit 50
Router3(config-route-map)#match ip address prefix-list 10.105/16
Router3(config-route-map)#set community 65511:80
This set community command will be displayed as:
!
route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A permit 50
match ip address prefix-list 10.105/16
set community 4293328976
!

And some IOS versions even get confused by the 32-bit number and incorrectly display it as a signed integer:
!
route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A permit 50
match ip address prefix-list 10.105/16
set community -1638320
!
But however your router displays the values, they all function identically.
. For example, this part of the route map uses a prefix-list to select a particular route, and sets its Community value to no- export:
Router3(config)#ip prefix-list 10.102/16 seq 5 permit 10.102.0.0/16
Router3(config)#route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A permit 20
Router3(config-route-map)#match ip address prefix-list 10.102/16
Router3(config-route-map)#set community no-export
Router3(config-route-map)#exit
You then need apply this route map to a neighbor command:
Router3(config)#router bgp 65500
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.9 remote-as 65520
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.9 send-community both
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.9 route-map APPLY_COMMUNITY_A in
In this case, we have applied the route map to incoming routes from this eBGP peer. As a general rule of thumb, to ensure consistency across your AS, you should attach any Community values to routes on the first router to handle the routes. In this case, the required routes are outside of the AS. However, if the routes originate within the AS, then we would have applied the route map outbound on the router that originates them. In that case, we would need to be careful to apply the route map to all of the iBGP peers.
The other important command in dealing with Communities is the neighbor send-community command:
Router3(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.9 send-community both
By default, Cisco routers do not propagate Community values with BGP routes. So you must include this command for all of the peers that need to see this attribute. This is why, in the Solution section of this recipe, we have been careful to include this command on the other routers inside our AS, even if those routers don't update the Community attribute. The both keyword in this command indicates that this router should send both Standard 32-bit and Extended 64-bit Community values. You can configure the router to use just one or the other if you prefer, but in most cases, if you are using Communities, you will want to make sure that you a propagating all of the attributes, so we generally recommend forwarding both types.
There are three useful commands for looking at Community values on a router. The first is the common show ip bgp summary command:
Router2#show ip bgp summary
BGP router identifier 172.18.5.3, local AS number 65500
BGP table version is 37, main routing table version 37
12 network entries using 1212 bytes of memory
12 path entries using 576 bytes of memory
7 BGP path attribute entries using 420 bytes of memory
1 BGP rrinfo entries using 24 bytes of memory
3 BGP AS-PATH entries using 72 bytes of memory
5 BGP community entries using 120 bytes of memory
0 BGP route-map cache entries using 0 bytes of memory
0 BGP filter-list cache entries using 0 bytes of memory
BGP using 2424 total bytes of memory
BGP activity 46/34 prefixes, 54/42 paths, scan interval 60 secs

Neighbor V AS MsgRcvd MsgSent TblVer InQ OutQ Up/Down State/PfxRcd

172.18.5.4 4 65500 54 45 37 0 0 00:00:31 4
172.18.5.10 4 65500 47 65 37 0 0 00:08:35 8
Router2#
This output shows that there are five BGP routes on this router that have Community values associated with them. We can see which routes they are with the command show ip bgp community:
Router2#show ip bgp community
BGP table version is 37, local router ID is 172.18.5.3
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
*>i10.11.0.0/16 172.18.5.2 0 100 0 65510 i
*>i10.102.0.0/16 172.18.5.4 0 100 0 65520 i
*>i10.103.0.0/16 172.18.5.4 0 100 0 65520 i
*>i10.104.0.0/16 172.18.5.4 0 100 0 65520 i
*>i10.105.0.0/16 172.18.5.4 0 100 0 65520 i
Router2#
As you can see, the list includes four of the five routes that we tagged on Router3, plus another route that was tagged elsewhere in the network. It's worth pointing out that we don't see 10.101.0.0/16 in this table because it was tagged with the no-advertise community. Consequently, Router3 did not advertise this route to Router2. You can see exactly which communities are associated with these routes as follows:
Router3#show ip bgp 10.101.0.0/16
BGP routing table entry for 10.101.0.0/16, version 10
Paths: (1 available, best #1, table Default-IP-Routing-Table, not advertised to
any peer)
Not advertised to any peer
65520
192.168.1.9 from 192.168.1.9 (10.104.0.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, external, best
Community: no-advertise
Router3#show ip bgp 10.102.0.0/16
BGP routing table entry for 10.102.0.0/16, version 11
Paths: (1 available, best #1, table Default-IP-Routing-Table, not advertised to
EBGP peer)
Advertised to non peer-group peers:
172.18.5.3 172.18.5.10
65520
192.168.1.9 from 192.168.1.9 (10.104.0.1)
Origin IGP, metric 0, localpref 100, valid, external, best
Community: no-export
Router3#
This shows that the route 10.101.0.0/16 has the no-advertise community, and consequently is not being advertised. The route 10.102.0.0/16 has a community value of no-export, and is being advertised to two BGP peer routers.
Of course, just being able to set arbitrary Community values is not of much use. Your routers also need to be able to read and react appropriately to these values. To do this, you use a special kind of ACL called a community-list, which specifies community values for use in route maps:
Router2#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router2(config)#ip community-list 10 permit 65511:80
Router2(config)#route-map MATCH-COMMUNITY permit 10
Router2(config-route-map)#match community 10
Router2(config-route-map)#set local-preference 80
Router2(config-route-map)#exit
Router2(config)#route-map MATCH-COMMUNITY permit 100
Router2(config-route-map)#exit
Router2(config)#router bgp 65500
Router2(config-router)#no synchronization
Router2(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.4 remote-as 65500
Router2(config-router)#neighbor 172.18.5.4 route-map MATCH-COMMUNITY in
Router2(config-router)#exit
Router2(config)#end
Router2#
If we do a show ip bgp community now and compare to the output above, you can see that the Local Preference value has been changed for this route:
Router2#show ip bgp community
BGP table version is 21, local router ID is 172.18.5.3
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
r RIB-failure, S Stale
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path
*>i10.11.0.0/16 172.18.5.2 0 100 0 65510 i
*>i10.102.0.0/16 172.18.5.4 0 100 0 65520 i
*>i10.103.0.0/16 172.18.5.4 0 100 0 65520 i
*>i10.104.0.0/16 172.18.5.4 0 100 0 65520 i
*>i10.105.0.0/16 172.18.5.4 0 80 0 65520 i
Router2#
As you can see, the Local Preference value for this route has now been changed appropriately. CCIE Voice

By default, the value of the next-hop attribute for an external route is the IP address of the external BGP router that announced this route to the AS. You can change this behavior so that the next-hop router is an internal router instead by using the next-hop-self command:
Router1#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router1(config)#router bgp 65500
Router1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.6 remote-as 65500
Router1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.6 next-hop-self
Router1(config-router)#exit
Router1(config)#end
Router1#
The next-hop attribute for a route depends on which router announces it. When a router passes route information to a peer in a different AS (using eBGP), it will generally update the next-hop attribute with its own IP address. However, by default iBGP peers will not change this attribute. For internal routes, the next-hop attribute will be the IP address of the router that sourced the internal route into BGP.
The result is that all of the routers inside of an AS will see the same external device as the next-hop BGP router, even if that router is actually several physical hops away. The following output shows the BGP table of one of the routers in our AS before we specified the next-hop-self command. All of the next-hop addresses correspond to routers in other ASs: CCIE Voice Training

Router2#show ip bgp
BGP table version is 10, local router ID is 11.5.5.1
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path

*>i172.22.1.0/24 172.25.1.7 0 100 0 65510 ?
* i172.24.0.0 172.22.1.3 0 100 0 ?
* i172.25.0.0 172.22.1.3 0 100 0 i
*>i172.25.2.0/30 172.25.1.7 0 100 0 65510 ?
*>i172.20.0.0/14 172.20.1.2 100 0 65530 65501 ?
This can cause serious routing problems if this router doesn't know how to reach one of these next hop routers. And this is actually a distinct possibility because for all external routes, these next-hop IP addresses will be in a different AS. Unless you use static routes or take pains to ensure that the IGP distributes all of these addresses, the other iBGP routers will not have a route to the next hop.
As we mentioned in the Introduction to this chapter, the first thing that BGP checks when looking at BGP routes is whether the next hop router is reachable. Even if BGP didn't do this check, a route that has an unreachable next hop router clearly is not going to be very useful.
However, you can use the next-hop-self command to configure a router to insert its own IP address in the next-hop attribute when passing routes to another router via iBGP:
Router1(config)#router bgp 65500
Router1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.6 remote-as 65500
Router1(config-router)#neighbor 192.168.1.6 next-hop-self
Then the next-hop of every route in the route table is guaranteed to be accessible:
Router2#show ip bgp
BGP table version is 10, local router ID is 11.5.5.1
Status codes: s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete

Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf Weight Path

*>i172.22.1.0/24 192.168.1.6 0 100 0 65510 ?
* i172.24.0.0 192.168.1.6 0 100 0 ?
* i172.25.0.0 192.168.1.6 0 100 0 i
*>i172.25.2.0/30 192.168.1.6 0 100 0 65510 ?
*>i172.20.0.0/14 192.168.1.6 100 0 65530 65501 ?

You can also configure this keyword for an eBGP peer, but it has no effect.
Note that you can also construct a route map to manually set the next-hop attribute to any IP address that you like. However, we don't recommend doing this, as it too easy to make a mistake and forward routes with unreachable next-hop routers. CCIE Training

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